Information on the East Asian - Sino-Tibetan - Tibeto-Burman Metapopulation

The Tibeto-Burman Metapopulation (East Asian - Sino-Tibetan - Tibeto-Burman) consists of 17,360 haplotypes (at least minimal) which were published in 37 population studies and were additionally submitted via personal communication (27 submissions) .

Most common haplotypes

Count DYS19 DYS389I DYS389II DYS390 DYS391 DYS392 DYS393 DYS385
395 15 14 30 25 10 7 13 11,11
296 13 13 29 23 10 11 14 14,14
211 15 13 29 25 10 7 13 11,11
197 14 12 28 23 10 14 12 13,19
157 15 14 30 25 10 7 13 11,14
155 15 14 30 26 10 7 13 11,11
149 14 12 28 23 10 14 12 13,18
100 14 12 28 24 10 14 12 13,18
91 15 12 28 23 10 14 12 13,17
90 15 14 30 23 10 7 13 11,11
Count DYS391 DYS389I DYS439 DYS389II DYS438 DYS437 DYS19 DYS392 DYS393 DYS390 DYS385
273 10 14 12 30 11 14 15 7 13 25 11,11
209 10 13 12 29 10 14 13 11 14 23 14,14
153 10 13 12 29 11 14 15 7 13 25 11,11
135 10 14 11 30 11 14 15 7 13 25 11,14
127 10 14 12 30 11 14 15 7 13 26 11,11
68 10 13 11 29 10 14 15 11 15 23 11,18
63 10 14 11 30 11 14 15 7 13 25 11,11
63 10 14 12 30 11 14 15 7 13 23 11,11
62 10 13 10 29 10 14 15 11 12 24 14,18
61 10 14 12 30 11 14 16 7 13 25 11,11
Count DYS456 DYS389I DYS390 DYS389II DYS458 DYS19 DYS385 DYS393 DYS391 DYS439 DYS635 DYS392 YGATAH4 DYS437 DYS438 DYS448
66 16 14 26 30 16 15 11,11 13 10 12 21 7 10 14 11 19
56 16 14 25 30 16 15 11,11 13 10 12 21 7 11 14 11 19
51 16 14 25 30 17 15 11,14 13 10 11 21 7 11 14 11 19
37 16 13 25 29 16 15 11,11 13 10 12 21 7 11 14 11 19
36 15 13 23 29 16 14 13,13 13 10 12 19 14 12 14 10 18
36 16 14 25 30 16 16 11,11 13 10 12 21 7 11 14 11 19
30 15 13 24 29 17 14 14,19 12 11 10 21 11 11 14 10 17
30 15 14 25 30 16 15 11,11 13 10 12 21 7 11 14 11 19
28 15 13 23 29 17 15 11,18 15 10 11 21 11 12 14 10 21
28 15 13 24 30 16 15 11,14 13 10 12 21 7 11 14 11 19
Count DYS576 DYS389I DYS448 DYS389II DYS19 DYS391 DYS481 DYS549 DYS533 DYS438 DYS437 DYS570 DYS635 DYS390 DYS439 DYS392 DYS643 DYS393 DYS458 DYS385 DYS456 YGATAH4
18 19 13 18 30 16 11 23 12 10 10 14 17 21 24 12 13 12 14 18 13,17 15 11
15 18 13 21 30 16 10 26 13 12 10 14 16 21 23 11 11 8 14 15 11,18 15 11
11 17 12 20 28 14 10 25 14 11 11 15 18 21 24 12 14 11 12 14 13,18 14 11
10 18 13 19 29 13 10 17 12 11 10 14 16 22 23 12 11 9 14 16 14,14 16 11
10 19 12 20 29 14 10 21 13 11 12 15 18 20 24 13 14 12 12 18 13,17 15 12
10 19 12 20 29 14 10 21 13 11 12 15 18 20 24 13 14 12 13 18 13,17 15 12
9 19 13 19 29 13 10 18 12 11 10 14 17 21 23 12 11 9 14 16 14,14 15 11
8 18 12 20 28 14 11 23 12 11 11 15 19 21 22 13 14 11 13 16 11,21 15 12
8 18 13 19 29 13 10 17 12 11 10 14 16 23 23 12 11 9 14 17 14,14 17 11
8 19 13 17 30 15 10 27 13 11 10 14 18 21 24 10 11 10 12 17 14,18 15 11
Count DYS576 DYS389I DYS635 DYS389II DYS627 DYS460 DYS458 DYS19 YGATAH4 DYS448 DYS391 DYS456 DYS390 DYS438 DYS392 DYS518 DYS570 DYS437 DYS385 DYS449 DYS393 DYS439 DYS481 DYF387S1 DYS533
13 19 13 21 30 22 11 18 16 11 18 11 15 24 10 13 40 17 14 13,17 26 14 12 23 38,39 10
8 18 13 23 29 20 10 17 13 11 19 10 17 23 10 11 40 16 14 14,14 33 14 12 17 35,41 11
7 18 12 22 28 21 10 19 14 12 20 11 15 24 11 13 33 18 15 13,20 35 12 12 24 35,38 11
6 16 13 19 29 20 11 16 14 12 18 10 15 23 10 14 36 18 14 13,13 32 13 12 24 36,40 11
6 17 12 20 28 19 9 17 14 11 20 10 15 22 11 14 34 18 15 11,19 31 12 13 22 37,37 11
6 17 12 21 28 19 9 14 14 11 20 10 14 24 11 14 35 18 15 13,18 32 12 12 25 36,38 11
6 17 13 22 29 19 10 17 16 11 18 11 15 24 10 13 41 16 14 13,18 26 13 12 22 40,40 10
6 19 12 20 29 17 9 18 14 12 20 10 15 24 12 14 37 18 15 13,17 33 13 13 21 35,37 11
6 19 13 21 29 20 10 16 13 11 19 10 16 23 10 11 42 17 14 13,14 35 14 12 18 36,40 11
6 20 12 19 29 23 9 18 13 12 20 10 14 23 10 12 38 17 15 12,14 34 13 11 22 35,41 12
Count DYS19 DYS389I DYS389II DYS390 DYS391 DYS392 DYS393 DYS385 DYS439 DYS438 DYS437 DYS456 DYS458 DYS635 YGATAH4 DYS448 DYS576 DYS481 DYS549 DYS533 DYS570 DYS643 DYS627 DYS460 DYS518 DYS449 DYF387S1
13 16 13 30 24 11 13 14 13,17 12 10 14 15 18 21 11 18 19 23 12 10 17 12 22 11 40 26 38,39
8 13 13 29 23 10 11 14 14,14 12 10 14 17 17 23 11 19 18 17 12 11 16 9 20 10 40 33 35,41
6 13 13 29 23 10 11 14 13,14 12 10 14 16 16 21 11 19 19 18 12 11 17 9 20 10 42 35 36,40
6 14 12 28 22 10 14 12 11,19 13 11 15 15 17 20 11 20 17 22 12 11 18 12 19 9 34 31 37,37
6 16 13 29 24 11 13 13 13,18 12 10 14 15 17 22 11 18 17 22 12 10 16 12 19 10 41 26 40,40
5 13 13 29 23 10 11 14 14,14 12 10 14 16 16 22 11 19 18 17 12 11 16 9 20 10 40 36 36,40
5 13 13 29 23 10 11 14 14,14 12 10 14 16 16 24 11 19 19 18 12 11 17 9 20 10 41 35 36,40
5 14 12 29 24 10 14 12 13,17 13 12 15 15 18 20 12 20 19 21 13 11 18 12 17 9 37 33 35,37
5 14 12 29 24 10 14 13 13,17 13 12 15 15 18 20 12 20 19 21 13 11 18 12 17 9 37 33 35,37
5 15 12 28 23 10 13 13 12,15 12 10 15 15 19 19 12 19 20 23 12 13 16 11 22 10 39 34 35,40

Discrete-Laplace frequency estimation (Minimal)

Release
R69
Loci included
DYS19, DYS389I, DYS389II*, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393
Central haplotypes
41
EM converged
true
EM iterations
47
GLM method
internal_coef
Init method
pam
Threshold frequency
1 in 671,170
Per locus details
DL centers distribution (download PDF)
Table of haplotype centers (click to show/hide)
DYS19 DYS389I DYS389II* DYS390 DYS391 DYS392 DYS393
1 14 12 16 24 11 13 12
2 15 12 16 25 10 13 12
3 13 14 16 24 9 14 14
4 14 13 16 24 10 11 12
5 13 13 16 23 10 11 14
6 14 12 15 23 10 14 12
7 14 12 16 23 10 14 12
8 14 13 16 23 10 14 13
9 14 12 16 24 10 14 12
10 15 12 16 23 10 12 13
11 15 12 17 23 10 14 13
12 14 12 17 24 10 14 12
13 14 12 15 24 10 14 12
14 14 13 16 24 10 11 13
15 14 14 17 23 11 14 13
16 15 13 17 23 10 11 12
17 15 14 16 23 10 11 13
18 14 14 16 23 11 14 13
19 15 12 16 23 10 14 12
20 15 12 16 24 10 10 12
21 15 12 16 23 10 12 12
22 15 12 17 25 10 10 13
23 15 13 17 24 10 13 12
24 15 12 17 27 10 10 12
25 15 13 16 25 10 13 14
26 15 13 16 24 10 13 14
27 15 13 16 24 10 11 12
28 15 13 17 23 10 11 15
29 16 13 18 25 11 11 13
30 16 14 17 24 11 7 11
31 15 14 16 23 10 7 13
32 15 14 16 25 10 7 13
33 15 13 17 24 10 7 13
34 15 14 17 25 10 11 13
35 15 13 16 25 10 7 13
36 16 12 16 25 10 13 12
37 16 13 15 22 10 13 12
38 16 13 17 24 11 13 14
39 16 13 16 23 10 11 14
40 16 12 16 24 10 13 12
41 15 14 16 26 10 7 13

Discrete-Laplace frequency estimation (Y17)

Release
R69
Loci included
DYS19, DYS389I, DYS389II*, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS437, DYS438, DYS439, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS635, YGATAH4
Central haplotypes
71
EM converged
true
EM iterations
41
GLM method
internal_coef
Init method
pam
Threshold frequency
1 in 472,364,102
Per locus details
DL centers distribution (download PDF)
Table of haplotype centers (click to show/hide)
DYS19 DYS389I DYS389II* DYS390 DYS391 DYS392 DYS393 DYS437 DYS438 DYS439 DYS448 DYS456 DYS458 DYS635 YGATAH4
1 16 12 16 25 10 13 12 14 10 12 19 14 17 21 12
2 15 12 17 23 10 14 13 14 10 12 18 15 15 21 12
3 15 12 16 24 10 10 12 14 10 11 19 14 20 20 11
4 16 12 16 25 10 13 12 14 10 12 19 14 19 23 11
5 15 13 17 24 10 11 12 14 10 10 17 15 18 21 11
6 15 13 17 24 10 7 13 14 11 12 19 15 16 21 11
7 17 12 16 24 10 13 12 15 10 11 20 15 18 23 12
8 15 14 16 23 10 7 13 14 11 12 18 16 17 21 11
9 15 12 16 21 10 11 12 14 10 11 20 15 18 24 11
10 14 12 15 23 10 14 12 15 11 12 20 15 17 20 12
11 15 12 16 23 10 12 12 15 10 12 19 15 18 20 12
12 15 13 16 25 10 7 13 14 11 12 19 15 17 22 11
13 15 12 16 23 10 12 13 15 10 12 19 15 17 19 12
14 14 12 16 23 10 14 12 14 11 11 20 15 17 20 12
15 14 12 16 23 10 14 12 15 11 13 20 15 17 21 12
16 15 12 16 23 10 14 12 15 11 13 20 15 19 21 12
17 15 12 17 23 10 12 12 15 10 12 19 15 18 19 12
18 14 12 16 23 10 14 12 15 11 12 20 15 18 20 12
19 14 12 16 24 10 14 12 15 11 12 20 15 17 20 12
20 15 12 17 25 10 10 12 14 10 12 20 16 20 20 11
21 15 12 17 25 10 10 12 14 10 11 19 15 21 21 11
22 15 12 17 27 10 10 12 14 10 11 19 15 21 20 11
23 14 14 16 23 10 11 12 15 9 12 21 15 16 23 12
24 16 14 16 23 10 7 12 14 11 12 20 16 16 21 11
25 13 13 16 23 10 11 14 14 10 12 19 16 16 23 11
26 15 13 16 23 11 13 14 14 10 11 18 15 18 23 10
27 16 13 16 23 10 11 14 14 10 11 20 15 17 21 11
28 15 13 18 23 10 13 12 14 10 11 19 15 17 21 11
29 15 12 16 23 10 14 13 14 10 12 18 15 16 20 12
30 14 13 16 24 10 11 12 14 10 10 17 15 17 21 11
31 15 13 16 24 10 13 12 15 10 12 19 15 17 21 11
32 16 13 18 25 11 11 13 14 11 10 20 15 16 23 13
33 14 14 16 24 11 14 13 14 11 12 19 15 15 24 12
34 15 14 16 25 10 7 13 14 11 12 19 15 16 21 11
35 14 14 16 23 10 14 13 14 11 11 19 16 15 23 12
36 15 13 16 24 10 13 14 14 10 12 18 15 16 21 11
37 13 13 16 24 10 14 13 13 11 13 19 15 16 22 11
38 15 14 16 25 10 7 13 14 11 11 19 16 17 21 11
39 15 14 16 26 10 7 13 14 11 12 19 16 16 21 10
40 15 14 17 25 10 11 13 14 11 10 20 15 16 23 12
41 16 13 15 22 10 13 12 14 10 11 19 16 17 20 12
42 15 12 17 23 11 14 13 14 10 11 18 17 15 19 12
43 15 13 16 25 10 7 13 14 11 12 19 16 16 21 11
44 15 14 17 24 11 13 13 14 11 11 18 16 16 20 10
45 17 14 16 23 10 11 14 14 10 13 22 16 18 21 11
46 14 14 17 23 11 14 13 14 11 11 19 15 16 22 12
47 15 14 16 25 10 7 13 14 11 12 19 16 16 21 11
48 15 13 16 25 11 13 14 14 10 12 18 15 17 22 11
49 14 12 16 23 10 14 12 15 11 12 20 15 19 20 12
50 14 12 16 24 10 14 12 15 11 12 20 15 18 20 12
51 14 12 17 24 10 14 13 15 12 13 20 15 18 20 12
52 14 12 16 24 11 13 12 15 11 12 20 16 18 21 12
53 16 12 16 24 10 13 12 15 10 11 20 15 19 22 12
54 15 13 16 23 10 11 15 14 10 11 21 15 17 21 11
55 15 13 15 25 10 13 14 14 10 12 18 15 16 22 11
56 14 13 16 23 10 10 14 16 11 11 19 15 18 25 12
57 14 13 16 24 10 11 12 14 10 10 17 15 18 21 11
58 14 12 17 24 10 11 13 15 11 11 19 14 16 19 12
59 15 12 16 23 10 14 12 15 11 12 20 15 17 21 12
60 15 13 17 23 10 11 15 14 10 11 21 15 15 21 11
61 14 14 16 23 10 15 13 14 10 11 19 15 17 21 12
62 15 13 17 22 10 11 15 14 10 10 19 15 17 18 10
63 15 13 17 23 10 11 14 14 10 11 21 15 15 21 11
64 14 13 16 23 10 14 13 14 10 12 18 15 16 19 12
65 16 13 17 24 11 13 14 14 10 12 18 15 18 21 11
66 13 14 16 24 9 14 14 14 12 11 19 16 16 22 10
67 14 13 15 23 10 14 13 14 10 12 18 14 16 22 12
68 16 14 17 24 11 7 11 14 11 12 21 16 16 20 13
69 15 12 17 24 10 13 12 15 9 11 19 15 15 20 13
70 13 13 16 23 10 11 14 14 10 12 20 16 18 23 11
71 13 12 17 23 10 12 13 15 10 11 20 14 18 19 12

* Please note that DYS389I was substracted from DYS389II

Population studies

  • Parkin EJ., Kraayenbrink T., Driem V., Of T., Knijff D. and Jobling MA. (2006), '26-Locus Y-STR typing in a Bhutanese population sample.', Forensic Sci Int 161(1):1-7 [PubMed] [DOI]
  • Zhu B., Liu S., Ci D., Huang J., Wang Y., Chen L., Zhu J., Xu Y., Zhao Q., Li S. and Liu Y. (2006), 'Population genetics for Y-chromosomal STRs haplotypes of Chinese Tibetan ethnic minority group in Tibet.', Forensic Sci Int 161(1):78-83 [PubMed] [DOI]
  • Parkin EJ., Kraayenbrink T., Opgenort JR., Driem V., Tuladhar NM., Knijff D. and Jobling MA. (2007), 'Diversity of 26-locus Y-STR haplotypes in a Nepalese population sample: isolation and drift in the Himalayas.', Forensic Sci Int 166(2-3):176-81 [PubMed] [DOI]
  • Zhu B., Shen C., Qian G., Shi R., Dang Y., Zhu J., Huang P., Xu Y., Zhao Q., Ma J. and Liu Y. (2006), 'Genetic polymorphisms for 11 Y-STRs haplotypes of Chinese Yi ethnic minority group.', Forensic Sci Int 158(2-3):229-33 [PubMed] [DOI]
  • Fan GY., An YR., Peng CX., Deng JL., Pan LP. and Ye Y. (2019), 'Forensic and phylogenetic analyses among three Yi populations in Southwest China with 27 Y chromosomal STR loci', Int J Legal Med 133(3):795-7 [DOI]
  • Zhu B., Wu Y., Shen C., Yang T., Deng Y., Xun X., Tian Y., Yan J. and Li T. (2008), 'Genetic analysis of 17 Y-chromosomal STRs haplotypes of Chinese Tibetan ethnic group residing in Qinghai province of China.', Forensic Sci Int 175(2-3):238-43 [PubMed] [DOI]
  • Cao S., Bai P., Zhu W., Chen D., Wang H., Jin B., Zhang L. and Liang W. (2018), 'Genetic portrait of 27 Y-STR loci in the Tibetan ethnic population of the Qinghai province of China', Forensic Science International Genetics 34:e18-e19 [DOI]
  • Ghosh T., Kalpana D., Mukerjee S., Mukherjee M., Sharma AK., Nath S., Rathod VR., Thakar MK. and Jha GN. (2011), 'Genetic diversity of 17 Y-short tandem repeats in Indian population.', Forensic Sci Int Genet 5(4):363-7 [PubMed] [DOI]
  • Roy S., Noor S. and Haque I. (2012), 'Genetic analysis of 17 Y-chromosomal STRs haplotypes of three ethnic groups residing in West Bengal, India.', Forensic Sci Int Genet 6(1):e5-7 [PubMed] [DOI]
  • Gayden T., Mirabal S., Cadenas AM., Lacau H., Simms TM., Morlote D., Chennakrishnaiah S. and Herrera RJ. (2009), 'Genetic insights into the origins of Tibeto-Burman populations in the Himalayas.', J Hum Genet 54(4):216-23 [PubMed] [DOI]
  • Brucato N., Mazières S., Guitard E., Giscard PH., Bois E., Larrouy G. and Dugoujon JM. (2012), 'The Hmong Diaspora: preserved South-East Asian genetic ancestry in French Guianese Asians.', C R Biol 335(10-11):698-707 [PubMed] [DOI]
  • Gayden T., Bukhari A., Chennakrishnaiah S., Stojkovic O. and Herrera RJ. (2012), 'Y-chromosomal microsatellite diversity in three culturally defined regions of historical Tibet.', Forensic Sci Int Genet 6(4):437-46 [PubMed] [DOI]
  • Ye Y., Gao J., Fan G., Liao L. and Hou Y. (2015), 'Population genetics for 23 Y-STR loci in Tibetan in China and confirmation of DYS448 null allele.', Forensic Sci Int Genet 16:e7-e10 [PubMed] [DOI]
  • Ou X., Wang Y., Liu C., Yang D., Zhang C., Deng S. and Sun H. (2015), 'Haplotype analysis of the polymorphic 40 Y-STR markers in Chinese populations', Forensic Sci. Int. Genet 19:255-262 [Link] [DOI]
  • Bai R., Liu Y., Lv X., Shi M. and Ma S. (2016), 'Genetic polymorphisms of 17 Y chromosomal STRs in She and Manchu ethnic populations from China.', Forensic Sci Int Genet 22:e12-4 [PubMed] [DOI]
  • Yang YR., Jing YT., Zhang GD., Fang XD. and Yan JW. (2014), 'Genetic analysis of 17 Y-chromosomal STR loci of Chinese Tujia ethnic group residing in Youyang Region of Southern China', Leg Med (Tokyo) 16(3):173-5 [Link] [DOI]
  • Hasan M., Momtaz P., Hosen I., Das SA. and Akhteruzzaman S. (2015), 'Population genetics of 17 Y-chromosomal STRs loci in Garo and Santal tribal populations in Bangladesh.', Int J Legal Med 129(2):251-2 [PubMed] [DOI]
  • Perez-Benedico D., Chennakrishnaiah S., Gayden T., Rowold DJ., Garcia-Bertrand R. and Herrera RJ. (2016), 'Y-STR markers from Ladakh in the Himalayas', Leg Med (Tokyo) 21:29-32 [DOI]
  • Singh M., Sarkar A., Kumar D. and Nandineni MR. (2020), 'The genetic affinities of Gujjar and Ladakhi populations of India', Scientific Reports 10:2055 [DOI]
  • Gao T., Yun L., Gu Y., He W., Wang Z. and Hou Y. (2015), 'Phylogenetic analysis and forensic characteristics of 12 populations using 23 Y-STR loci', For Sci Int Genet 19:130-3 [DOI]
  • Shu L., Li L., Yu G., Yu B., Liu Y., Li S., Jin L. and Yan S. (2015), 'Genetic analysis of 17 Y-STR loci in Han, Dong, Miao and Tujia populations from Hunan province, central-southern China', For Sci Int Genet 19:250-1 [DOI]
  • Feng R., Zhao Y., Chen S., Li Q., Fu Y., Zhao L., Zhou Y., Zhang L., Mei X., Shi M. and Yin J. (2020), 'Genetic analysis of 50 Y-STR loci in Dong, Miao, Tujia, and Yao populations from Hunan', Int J Legal Med 134:981–983 [DOI]
  • Hasan M., SufianPilu A., MomtazAshish , Mazumder K., Alam J., Bhattacharjee S., Chakma K. and Akhteruzzaman S. (2018), 'Phylogenetic analysis and forensic evaluation among Rakhine, Marma, Hajong, and Manipuri tribes from four culturally defined regions of Bangladesh using 17 Y-chromosomal STRs', Int J Legal Med 132(6):1641-4 [DOI]
  • Hu L., Gu T., Fan X., Yuan X., Rao M., Bo J., Nie A., Du L., Zhang X. and Nie S. (2017), 'Genetic polymorphisms of 24 Y-STR loci in Hani ethnic minority from Yunnan Province, Southwest China', Int J Legal Med 131(5):1235-7 [DOI]
  • Dezhi C., Meili L., Yingjian H., Yiping H., Yu T. and Weibo L. (2021), 'Population genetics of 27 Y-STRs for the Yi population from Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, China', Int J Legal Med 135:441-2 [DOI]
  • Liu Y., Wen S., Guo L., Bai R., Shi M. and Li X. (2018), 'Haplotype data of 27 Y-STRs analyzed in the Hui and Tujia ethnic minorities from China', Forensic Science International: Genetics 35:e7-e9 [DOI]
  • Fan G., Zhang Z., Tang P., Song D., Zheng X., Zhou Y. and Liu M. (2021), 'Forensic and phylogenetic analyses of populations in the Tibetan-Yi corridor using 41 Y-STRs', Int J Legal Med 135(3):783-785 [Link] [DOI]
  • Song F., Xie M., Xie B., Wang S., Liao M. and Luo H. (2020), 'Genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of 29 Y-STR loci in the Tibetan population from Sichuan Province, Southwest China', Int J Legal Med 134:513–516 [DOI]
  • He G., Wang Z., Su Y., Zou X., Wang M., Chen X., Gao B., Liu J., Wang S. and Hou Y. (2019), 'Genetic structure and forensic characteristics of Tibeto-Burman speaking Ü-Tsang and Kham Tibetan Highlanders revealed by 27 Y-chromosomal STRs', Scientific Reports 9:7739 [DOI]
  • Song Z., Wang Q., Zhang H., Tang J., Wang Q., Zhang H., Yang M., Ji J., Ren Z., Wu Y. and Huang J. (2021), 'Genetic structure and forensic characterization of 36 Y‐chromosomal STR loci in Tibeto‐Burman‐speaking Yi population', Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine 9(2):e1572 [DOI]
  • Song M., Wang Z., Lyu Q., Ying J., Wu Q., Jiang L., Wang F., Zhou Y., Song F., Luo H., Hou Y., Song X. and Ying B. (2022), 'Paternal genetic structure of the Qiang ethnic group in China revealed by high-resolution Y-chromosome STRs and SNPs', For Sci Int Genet 61: 102774 [DOI]
  • He G., Adnan A., Al-Qahtani WS., Safhi FA., Yeh HY., Hadi S., Wang CC., Wang M., Liu C. and Yao J. (2022), 'Genetic admixture history and forensic characteristics of Tibeto-Burman-speaking Qiang people explored via the newly developed Y-STR panel and genome-wide SNP data', Front. Ecol. Evol. 10:939659 [Link]
  • Luo L., Yao L., Chai S., Zhang H., Li M., Yu J., Hu X., Li C., Bian Y. and Chen P. (2021), 'Forensic characteristics and population construction of two major minorities from southwest China revealed by a novel 37 Y-STR loci system', R. Soc. Open Sci. 8:210447 [DOI]
  • Ding J., Fan H., Zhou Y., Wang Z., Wang X., Song X., Zhu B. and Qiu P. (2020), 'Genetic polymorphisms and phylogenetic analyses of the Ü-Tsang Tibetan from Lhasa based on 30 slowly and moderately mutated Y-STR loci', Forensic Sciences Research Open access: [DOI]
  • Luo C., Duan L., Li Y., Xie Q., Wang L., Ru K., Nazir S., Jawad M., Zhao Y., Wang F., Du Z., Peng D., Wen SQ., Qiu P. and Fan H. (2021), 'Insights From Y-STRs: Forensic Characteristics, Genetic Affinities, and Linguistic Classifications of Guangdong Hakka and She Groups', Front. Genet. 12:676917 [DOI]
  • Joshi B., Lemtur S., Humtsoe M., Verma K., Kumawat RK., Kushwaha P., Kumar A., Srivastav KVV., Srivastava A. and Shrivastava P. (2021), 'Genetic portrait of 23 Y-STR loci in the Naga tribes of Nagaland, India', Int J Legal Med 136:559–60 [DOI]
  • Zhang X., Zheng H. and Liu C. (2023), 'Genetic diversity of 23 Y-STR loci of the Lisu ethnic minority residing in Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan province, Southwest China', preprint [Link] [DOI]

Personal communications

YA005657, YA005450, YA005885, YA005674, YA005430, YA005163, YA005429, YA005682, YA005784, YA005635, YA005135, YA005053, YA005323, YA005607, YA005462, YA005184, YA005940, YA005006, YA005374, YA005105, YA005158, YA005647, YA005644, YA005114, YA005040, YA005617, YA005174, YA005946
* See FAQ/Glossary (http://yhrd.org/pages/faq) for further explanations of abbreviated terms used here
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